Peer-reviewed research, independent analysis, and Observatory commentary on the quality and outcomes of Article 6.2 and 6.4 activities.
Calel, R.; Colmer, J.; Dechezleprêtre, A.; Glachant, M. · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
Econometric evaluation of CDM wind projects in India finds little evidence that crediting changed investment decisions.
Probst, B. S.; Toetzke, M.; Kontoleon, A.; et al. · Nature Communications
Meta-analysis across cookstove, forestry, wind and HFC-23 projects finds only a small fraction of issued credits correspond to real emission reductions.
Trouwloon, D.; Streck, C.; Chagas, T.; Martinus, G. · Global Challenges
Builds a typology of corporate credit-use claims and the conditions each one requires to be defensible.
Badgley, G.; Freeman, J.; Hamman, J. J.; et al. · Global Change Biology
Common-practice baselines allowed projects to claim credit for carbon that would have been stored regardless.
Kreibich, N.; Hermwille, L. · Climate Policy
Examines the tension between credible corporate claims and market viability once corresponding adjustments apply.
Haya, B.; Cullenward, D.; Strong, A. L.; et al. · Climate Policy
Proposes handling baseline uncertainty explicitly rather than through single-point estimates.
West, T. A. P.; Börner, J.; Sills, E. O.; Kontoleon, A. · PNAS
Baseline deforestation rates were set well above observed control-site rates, inflating claimed reductions.
Schneider, L.; La Hoz Theuer, S. · Climate Policy
Identifies the accounting, ambition and baseline-stringency conditions under which Article 6.2 transfers preserve environmental integrity.
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment · University of Oxford
Unpacks COP30 outcomes across 6.2 cooperative approaches, the PACM under 6.4, and non-market approaches under 6.8.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud and Fastenaktion
This study analysed Switzerland's participation in the Article 6 mechanism.
Carbon Market Watch
Contrasts the public "high quality markets" framing with efforts inside negotiating rooms to weaken Article 6 rules.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud
This study investigates one of the first Article 6.2 partnerships between Switzerland and Ghana.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud
This study investigates the first Article 6.2 partnerships between Switzerland and Thailand.
Cames, M.; Harthan, R. O.; Füssler, J.; et al. · Öko-Institut, for DG CLIMA
The study that set the terms of the additionality debate: 85% of assessed CDM projects had a low likelihood of being additional.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s second monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s first monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s third monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
A briefing on Week One of the Bonn Climate Change Conference 2026 from the Article 6 Observatory on the ground.
Article 6 Observatory
A briefing on Week Two of the Bonn Climate Change Conference 2026 from the Article 6 Observatory on the ground.
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