Peer-reviewed research, independent analysis, and Observatory commentary on the quality and outcomes of Article 6.2 and 6.4 activities.
Guizar-Coutiño, A.; Nicholson, G.; Coomes, D.; Ferraro, P.J.; Swinfield, T.; Jones, J.P.G. · Nature Ecology & Evolution
Examines risks of over-crediting in carbon markets, with attention to the methods and assumptions used to quantify claimed mitigation.
Romm, J.; Lezak, S.; Alshamsi, A. · Annual Review of Environment and Resources
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Calel, R.; Colmer, J.; Dechezleprêtre, A.; Glachant, M. · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
Econometric evaluation of CDM wind projects in India finds little evidence that crediting changed investment decisions.
Raphael, C.; Colmer, J.; Dechezleprêtre, A.; Glachant, M. · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
Econometric evaluation of CDM wind projects in India finds little evidence that crediting changed investment decisions.
Giles, C.; Coglianese, C. · University of Pennsylvania
Evaluates the role and limitations of third-party auditing in ensuring credible carbon-credit claims.
Tang, Y.; Yang, C.; Wu, H.; Xu, Z.; Tan, L.; Tu, W.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z.; Guo, K.; Xiong, S.; Chen, S.; Zhang, B.; Tian, J.; Hu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Chase, J.M.; Li, Q. · Science
Examines risks of over-crediting in carbon markets, with attention to the methods and assumptions used to quantify claimed mitigation.
West, T.A.; Bomfim, B.; Haya, B.K. · Global Environmental Change
Investigates forest-carbon crediting, including baseline integrity, claimed climate benefits and risks of overestimating emissions reductions.
Gill-Wiehl, A.; Kammen, D.M.; Haya, B.K. · UC Berkeley Carbon Trading Project
Assesses cookstove crediting methodologies and identifies systematic risks of over-crediting due to assumptions about baseline fuel use and stove adoption.
Probst, B. S.; Toetzke, M.; Kontoleon, A.; et al. · Nature Communications
Meta-analysis across cookstove, forestry, wind and HFC-23 projects finds only a small fraction of issued credits correspond to real emission reductions.
Probst, B.S.; Toetzke, M.; Kontoleon, A.; Anadón, L.D.; Minx, J.C.; Haya, B.K.; Schneider, L.; Trotter, P.A.; West, T.A.P.; Gill-Wiehl, A.; Hoffmann, V.H. · Nature
Meta-analysis across cookstove, forestry, wind and HFC-23 projects finds only a small fraction of issued credits correspond to real emission reductions.
Antoniazzi, C.T. · Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Trouwloon, D.; Streck, C.; Chagas, T.; Martinus, G. · Global Challenges
Builds a typology of corporate credit-use claims and the conditions each one requires to be defensible.
Badgley, G.; Chay, F.; Chegwidden, O.S.; Hamman, J.J.; Freeman, J.; Cullenward, D. · Frontiers CLimate
Investigates forest-carbon crediting, including baseline integrity, claimed climate benefits and risks of overestimating emissions reductions.
Badgley, G.; Freeman, J.; Hamman, J. J.; et al. · Global Change Biology
Common-practice baselines allowed projects to claim credit for carbon that would have been stored regardless.
Michaelowa, A., Michaelowa, K., Hermwille, L., & Espelage, A. · Climate Policy
This paper discusses options to increase mitigation ambition in crediting mechanisms that serve the Paris Agreement (PA), such as the Article 6.4 mechanism.
Kreibich, N.; Hermwille, L. · Climate Policy
Examines the tension between credible corporate claims and market viability once corresponding adjustments apply.
Haya, B.; Cullenward, D.; Strong, A. L.; et al. · Climate Policy
Proposes handling baseline uncertainty explicitly rather than through single-point estimates.
West, T. A. P.; Börner, J.; Sills, E. O.; Kontoleon, A. · PNAS
Baseline deforestation rates were set well above observed control-site rates, inflating claimed reductions.
Michaelowa, A., Hermwille, L., Obergassel, W., & Butzengeiger, S. · Climate Policy
We first review generic definitions of additionality and current approaches for testing of additionality before discussing under which conditions additionality testing of specific activities or policies is still necessary under the new context of the Paris Agreement, that is, in order to prevent increases of global emissions.
Schneider, L.; La Hoz Theuer, S. · Climate Policy
Identifies the accounting, ambition and baseline-stringency conditions under which Article 6.2 transfers preserve environmental integrity.
Michaelowa, A., Shishlov, I., Brescia, D. · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews
This paper traces the evolution of international carbon market mechanisms
The Guardian
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Morgera, E. (Special Rapporteur on human rights and climate change) · UN OHCHR
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Jennerjahn, T.; Fallasch, F.; Siemons, A.; Wissner, N.; Lauer, S.; Reise, J.; Liste, V.; Janas, L. · Öko-Institut e.V.
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Climate Action Tracker
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Provides analysis of climate-policy and carbon-market governance issues relevant to responsible Article 6 engagement.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Assesses how carbon crediting rules address non-permanence and reversal risks, including safeguards for the durability of credited mitigation.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines the integrity of clean-cooking carbon projects and the assumptions used to estimate their credited emissions reductions.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
de Oro, P.C.; Le, A.; Rabearisoa, A.; Haya, B. · UC Berkeley Carbon Trading Project
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
De Grandpré, J.; Senne, J. · NewClimate Institute
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Hoch,S., Michaelowa, A., Sah, C., Waweru, P., Murugesan, R., Brescia,D., Veen, P., Cuadrat, S. · Perspectives Climate
This report identifies options for upscaled crediting in international carbon markets going byeond specific projects, assesses experiences with such crediting in the past and provides recommendations for the PACM regulators to enable rapid upscaling if significant demand for PACM credits materialises.
Civillini, M. · Climate Home News
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Faecks, B. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines risks of over-crediting in carbon markets, with attention to the methods and assumptions used to quantify claimed mitigation.
UN Secretary General · UN OHCHR
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Kubitza, C.; Art, G.; Gradeler, M.; Rivera, N.; Mulder, I. · Land Matrix Initiative, CMW
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Lezak, S.; Zaman, S.; Johnstone, I.; Haya, B. · Nature Climate Change
Examines how weaknesses in UN carbon trading rules may undermine additional mitigation and global climate ambition.
Maneschi, D. · Swedwatch, Swiss Church Aid HEKS/EPER, Sierra Leone Network on the Right to Food (SiLNoRF)
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment · University of Oxford
Unpacks COP30 outcomes across 6.2 cooperative approaches, the PACM under 6.4, and non-market approaches under 6.8.
Jong, H.N. · Mongabay
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Giles, C.; Coglianese, C. · Science
Evaluates the role and limitations of third-party auditing in ensuring credible carbon-credit claims.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Mulder, I. · Climate Home News
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud and Fastenaktion
This study analysed Switzerland's participation in the Article 6 mechanism.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Assesses how carbon crediting rules address non-permanence and reversal risks, including safeguards for the durability of credited mitigation.
Dossi, F. · Carbon Market Watch
Assesses how carbon crediting rules address non-permanence and reversal risks, including safeguards for the durability of credited mitigation.
Carbon Market Watch
Contrasts the public "high quality markets" framing with efforts inside negotiating rooms to weaken Article 6 rules.
Carbon Market Watch
Contrasts the public "high quality markets" framing with efforts inside negotiating rooms to weaken Article 6 rules.
Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Diab, K. · Carbon Market Watch
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Arach, D.J. · Namati
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Faecks, B. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines risks of over-crediting in carbon markets, with attention to the methods and assumptions used to quantify claimed mitigation.
Johnstone, I.; Schneider, L.; Michaelowa, A.; de Grandpré, J.; Kuci, S.; Ahonen, H.; Probst, B.S.; Lezak, S.; Hale, T.; La Hoz Theuer, S.; Omukuti, J.; Reséndiz, J.L.; Fankhauser, S.; Abebe, S.K.; Hepburn, C. · NewClimate Institute, University of Oxford, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment
Sets out three principles for responsible Article 6 engagement: Paris-aligned use of mitigation outcomes, environmental and social integrity, and robust accounting and transparency.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Provides analysis of climate-policy and carbon-market governance issues relevant to responsible Article 6 engagement.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Assesses how carbon crediting rules address non-permanence and reversal risks, including safeguards for the durability of credited mitigation.
Bryan, K. · Financial Times
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Abulu, L.; Hyolmo, S.L. · Mongabay
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Human Rights Watch
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Wyburd, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Mulder, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Analyses Article 6 carbon-market governance and implementation, highlighting implications for environmental integrity, transparency and climate ambition.
Wyburd, I. · Carbon Market Watch
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Grassroots Justice Network, Namati
Explores social safeguards, community rights and accountability challenges associated with carbon-market activities.
Camacho, G. · Transparency International
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud
This study investigates one of the first Article 6.2 partnerships between Switzerland and Ghana.
Wenzel, F. · Mongabay
Examines carbon-market practices and their implications for the credibility, governance and climate impact of carbon credits.
Maslen, C. · Transparency International
Provides analysis of climate-policy and carbon-market governance issues relevant to responsible Article 6 engagement.
Berner, D. · Alliance Sud
This study investigates the first Article 6.2 partnerships between Switzerland and Thailand.
Cames, M.; Harthan, R. O.; Füssler, J.; et al. · Öko-Institut, for DG CLIMA
The study that set the terms of the additionality debate: 85% of assessed CDM projects had a low likelihood of being additional.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s second monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s first monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s third monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
Welcome to the Article 6 Observatory’s monthly update reviewing the latest developments from around the world related to Article 6.
Article 6 Observatory
A briefing on Week One of the Bonn Climate Change Conference 2026 from the Article 6 Observatory on the ground.
Article 6 Observatory
A briefing on Week Two of the Bonn Climate Change Conference 2026 from the Article 6 Observatory on the ground.
No resources match these filters.